Judges 19:16 reads: "And, behold, there came an old man out of the work of Ephraim, and he sojourned in Gibeah: and the men of the place were Benjamites."

This verse introduces a key character in the narrative of the Levite and his concubine, reflecting the socio-political conditions of Israel during the time of the judges. The arrival of the old man, an Ephraimite, in the city of Gibeah—which is inhabited by the tribe of Benjamin—sets the stage for a series of tragic events that ensue.

Commentary Insights

• Matthew Henry:

  Matthew Henry notes that the old man's position as a sojourner highlights the transient nature of life during this time in Israel's history. The mention of him coming from Ephraim indicates a contrast to the inhabitants of Gibeah and hints at the ongoing moral and social decay among the tribes of Israel. The old man's willingness to help the Levite and his concubine reveals a glimmer of hospitality amidst the surrounding immorality.

• Albert Barnes:

  Albert Barnes emphasizes the significance of the old man's background, suggesting that his Ephraimite heritage implies he is part of a more civilized and historically significant tribe. This juxtaposition with the Benjamites, who are noted for their fierce defense of their own in the narrative, raises questions about the ethics and morality of the tribes during this turbulent period.

• Adam Clarke:

  Adam Clarke discusses the old man's character and his role in the unfolding events. He highlights the importance of the old man's wisdom as a seasoned traveler who might possess valuable insights. Clarke also points out the deteriorating moral condition of the Israelites at this time, marking the contrast between societal expectations of hospitality and the reality depicted in Gibeah.

Bible Cross-References

Judges 19:16 connects to several other Bible verses, enhancing our understanding through thematic Bible verse connections. Here are notable cross-references:

• Genesis 19:1-3: The hospitality of Lot in Sodom parallels the old man's willingness to assist the Levite.
• Matthew 25:35: The principle of hospitality is echoed in Jesus' teaching about welcoming strangers.
• Judges 20:12-13: This context further emphasizes the moral decay within the tribe of Benjamin.
• Hebrews 13:2: This verse emphasizes the importance of showing hospitality, resonating with the actions of the old man.
• 1 Peter 4:9: Encouragement to practice hospitality without grumbling connects to the themes in this narrative.
• Luke 10:34: The Good Samaritan story reflects a similar message of kindness to travelers.
• Proverbs 21:13: The moral aspect of ignoring the cries of the poor aligns with the societal conditions seen in Gibeah.

Understanding Biblical Context

The socio-political backdrop of Judges reveals a period of upheaval, and understanding this context can enrich our study experience.

Key Themes:

• The breakdown of social order: Judges 19:16 lays the groundwork for understanding the ethical dilemmas faced by the tribes.
• The role of hospitality: The emphasis on hospitality towards guests serves to highlight the moral expectations of the Israelites.
• The decline of righteousness: This verse points to a broader narrative of spiritual decline during the period of the judges.

Tools for Bible Cross-Referencing

Engaging with Bible cross-references can deepen understanding and interpretative skills. Below are suggestions for practical tools and methods:

• Utilize a Bible concordance to locate themes and words across different verses.
• Employ a cross-reference Bible study guide to navigate relationships between verses.
• Explore comprehensive Bible cross-reference materials that provide thematic content analyses.
• Participate in Bible chain references that link related passages for deeper study.
• Practice cross-referencing Bible study methods to understand the continuity of themes across both Testaments.

Conclusion

Judging from the insights garnered from public domain commentaries, Judges 19:16 serves as a pivotal verse that encapsulates the moral decay of Israel while also hinting at the kindness and wisdom of certain characters within the narrative. The exploration of various connections between Bible verses highlights the importance of hospitality, ethics, and societal decay, encouraging believers to reflect on these themes in their spiritual journey.